Crimes against humanity are specific, severe offenses—such as murder, torture, enslavement, and persecution—committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population. [1]

Unlike war crimes, they can occur during times of peace, and unlike genocide, they are not necessarily aimed at a specific ethnic or religious group. [1]

Key Characteristics

Under international law, particularly the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, these offenses are legally categorized by their context rather than the specific act itself. To qualify as a crime against humanity:[1, 2]

• The Context: The acts must be part of a multiple commission of crimes against any civilian population, or a single act committed as part of a broader, organized attack.
• The Perpetrator’s Intent: The perpetrator must know that their conduct is part of a widespread or systematic attack against civilians. [1]
• State or Organizational Policy: Historically and legally, these acts are frequently perpetrated as part of a formal state policy or organized systemic campaign. [1]

Prohibited Acts

Under the Rome Statute, specific actions categorized as crimes against humanity include murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, imprisonment, torture, sexual violence, persecution, enforced disappearances, and apartheid. [1]

Distinctions in International Law

• Versus War Crimes: Unlike war crimes, which are tied to armed conflict, crimes against humanity can occur at any time.
• Versus Genocide: Crimes against humanity do not require the specialized intent to destroy a specific group, distinguishing them from genocide. [1, 2, 3]